Englsih notes
Literary devices
Foreshadowing
- hints and clues to suggest what will happen later
Flash back
-interjected scene that takes narrative back in time from the current form
Imagery
-is descriptive that evokes sensory experiences it can appeal to any of the 5 senses
conflict-is the challenges faced by the protagonist
Dramatic Irony
-contrast between what the character thinks is true and what the readers know to be true
Verbal irony
-contrast of what is said and what is meant
-Sarcasm
Situational irony
-contrast between what happens and what is expected
Narrative writing
Porpouses - entertain , inform , teach , change social opinion
types
-fairy stories
-mysteries-science fiction
-romance
-horror stories
-adventure stories
-fables
-myths
-legend
-historical narratives
-personal experiences
-ballads
Features
- characters with defines personalities
-dialog verb tenses may change
descriptive language to create images in the readers mind and enhance the story
Structure
-orientation
-complication or problem
-resolution
Focus
-plot
-setting
-characterization
-structure
-theme
Research
is a"careful critical , disciplined inquiry varying in technique according to nature and condition of the problem identified ,the clarification or resolution of a problem
What can not be classified as research
-accumulation of facts
-transfer of information
-comparison and correlation
-overworked topics
-insufficient sources of data
Research is for the:
-solution of a problem
-prediction
-invention
-the expansion or verification
-for presentation and improvement
Purpose of research
-to discover facts about known phenomena
-to find answers to practically solved questions
-to improve existing techniques
-to develop new instruments or products
-to discover previously unrecognized substances
-to order related generalizations
-to provide basis for decision making
-to satisfy researchers curiosity
-to find answers to questions
- to improve educational practices
-to promote health and prolong life
-to provide man with more basic handiwork
-to make work travel and communication faster
Characteristic of a good research
-is systematic- is controlled or empirical
-is analytical-employs hypothesis ,is original work
-is done by expert-is done by observation/investigation
-is patient and unhurried activity
-is objective unbiased and logical
-requires an effort making capacity
-requires courage
classification of action research
-according to research
-predictive directive and illuminative
-according to goal
-basic or pure applied researches
-according to the level of investigation
-explanatory descriptive and experimental
-according to type of analysis
-analytic and holistic approach
classification of action research
-according to scope
-action research
-according to choice of answers
-evaluation and developmental researches
-according to statistical content
-quantitative and non-quantitative researches
-according to time element
-historical descriptive and experimental researches
According to research
-predictive-has purpose of determining the future operation of the variables under investigation with the aim of controlling such better
-Directive- determines what should be done based on the findings
-Illuminative- concerned with the interaction of the components of the variable being investigated
According to goal
-Basic or pure - is done for the development of theories or principles it is conducted for the intellectual pleasure of learning
-applied - the application of the results of the pure research
According to levels of investigation
-Exploratory - researchers studies the relationships of the variables on each other
According to type of analysis
-analytic- researcher attempts to identify and isolate the components of research situation
-holistic- begins with the total situation focus in attention on the system
According to the choice of answers to the problems
-evaluation research-all possible courses of action are specified and identified and researcher tries to find the most advantages
-developmental research-focus on the finding or developing a more suitable instrument or process that has been available
Parts of a research paper
"chapter of problem and its scope"
§ *Introduction
v -rationale
v -theoretical background
§ *the problem
v -statement of the problem
v -statement of assumptions
v -statement of hypothesis
v -significance of the study
§ *research methodology
v -research environment
v -research respondents
v -research instruments
v -research procedures
o Gathering of data
o statistical treatment of data
§ *definition of key terms
§ *organization of the study
- These are declarative and interrogative sentences that include important aspects of research. = Statement of the Problem
- A description of the place or locale where the study is conducted. = Research Environment
- It is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the present study is related. = Related Literature
- It contains a description like gender, age and economic status of the subjects or targets = Research Respondents
- Are studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted to which the present proposed study is related = Research Respondents
- They are definitions taken from dictionaries, encyclopedias, magazines and other sources = Conceptual
- It is an interpretation of the term as it is employed = Operational
- Brief description of the problem situation and the reason for conducting the study = Rationale
- A tentative conclusion or answer to a specific question raised at the beginning of the investigation = Statement of Hypothesis
- Tells about the people, groups, communities who will benefit from the study = Significance of the Study
- A type of hypothesis which states that there is no difference between two phenomena = Null
- It is a self-evident truth based upon a known fact or phenomenon = Assumption
- This part contains an enumeration of all the contents of the research paper. = Organization of the Study
- This contains alphabetical list of important terms used in the study and their definitions = Definition of Key Terms
- It illustrates statistical formulae that are used in the study = Distribution of Respondents
- Describes the tools used in gathering data = Instruments
- A part of data gathering which includes tallying, analyzing, and interpreting. = Data processing
- A type of hypothesis which states that there is a difference between two phenomena = Operational
- It serves as a foundation of the proposed study = Theoretical Background
- It presents a schematic diagram of the paradigm of the research and discusses the relationship of the elements/variables therein. = Conceptual Framework
Exercise II.
- This study is anchored on the theory of
- Witth all the accounts presented, the researchers conduct this study to identify the effectiveness of film showing as an instructional method of teaching = Significance of the Study
- This endeavor has 4 chapters. Chapter 1 has five main parts. These are the Problem and Its Scope, Research Methodology, Definition of key terms, and Organization of the study. = Organization of the study
- Film. An instructional material that presents motion pictures for the students better understanding of lessons = Definition of Key Terms
- Another method used in this study is percentage which is computed using this formula = Statistical Treatment of Data
- To gather accurate information, the researchers formulated a survey questionnaire. = Research Instrument
- After tallying and tabulating the data gathered, the researchers analyzed and interpreted them. = Data Processing
- This study was answered by 200 HS Students, ages 12-17yrs old. = Research Respondents
- This study use the descriptive normative method of research in determining valuable information. = Gathering of Data
- High School Students. This study can develop the students critical thinking. = Significance of the Study
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